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As your child moves into the preschool and kindergarten years, behavior that seemed understandable and even expected of a toddler -- clinging to your leg when a stranger approaches, weeping over every goodbye, refusing to join in group activities -- may start to seem a bit less charming. We expect children to become more adept at social situations as they grow, so your timid child may feel more pr...

Anxiety is a normal part of children's behavioral and emotional development. Your child may be worried about starting school, learning to kick a ball, or wetting his bed at night. These anxieties are common, even signs that your child's development is on track. Why is my child so anxious? As your child moves out into the world around him and takes new risks, he has not only wonderful, exciting e...

Like quite a few parents, you may have recently taken a good look at your adolescent and wondered, "What happened?" Not only has your child's appearance changed, her demeanor may have as well. A once-gregarious child who used to tell you everything now clams up. A jolly child who was always surrounded by a dozen pals suddenly has no friends. Your previously confident child now blushes, stammers, a...

What is Roseola? Roseola, or roseola infantum, is a fairly mild childhood disease that causes fever and a rash. Sometimes called "baby measles," it typically strikes children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years. It's caused by the human herpes virus 6, a cousin of the viruses that cause cold sores and genital herpes. What are the symptoms? Roseola generally starts with a moderate to hig...

Anxiety is a normal part of children's behavioral and emotional development, and as children get older, their concerns grow broader. Your child may be worried about a spelling test, a soccer match, or riding the school bus for the first time. These anxieties are common, even signs that your child's development is on track. Why is my child so anxious? As children get older, they subject themselve...

By now your child has reached elementary school age and you feel pretty well in tune with his personality -- his shyness is just part of the package. Still, you wonder how you can make life easier for him. The key is to avoid the two opposing -- and perhaps equally strong -- temptations to pressure and overprotect him. Trying to get him to be more outgoing will only make him retreat. And shelterin...

What is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? ADHD (commonly known as ADD) is a behavioral disorder. Basically, children who have it are unable to concentrate, excessively active, or both. The American Psychiatric Association calls the distinct types "inattentive" and "hyperactive-impulsivity." Some kids with attention deficit disorder repeatedly fail to finish tasks, get distracted easily, a...

What is sickle cell anemia? Sickle cell anemia is a disease of red blood cells that is passed from parent to child. Normally red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin A, which carries oxygen to all the organs in the body. With sickle cell anemia, however, the body makes a different kind of protein, called hemoglobin S. The problem is that when a red blood cell with hemoglobin S relea...

What are the sinuses? The sinuses are four sets of air-filled cavities located behind and around the nose and eyes. Many people (adults as well as children) only become aware of these spaces when they begin hurting, so they may not appreciate their value. Sinuses make a person's skull lighter (so that we can hold our head up) and filter out many irritating airborne particles in the air that's br...

Anyone who has spent time with children knows that some of them can bend themselves into positions that defy logic. A teenager may think nothing of dropping into full splits in front of the television. A child with extra flexibility may love impressing her friends by bending her thumb all the way back to her wrist. Dexterity is a good thing. But it can go too far, even in kids. Children and teena...

Child abuse casts a long shadow. A long-term study published in the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect found that by age 21, up to 80 percent of child abuse survivors had developed a psychiatric illness, including depression and anxiety disorders. In recent years, experts have discovered another disturbing consequence of childhood trauma: People who were abused or neglected as children also appea...

What is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? ADHD (commonly known as ADD) is a behavioral disorder. Basically, children who have it are unable to concentrate, excessively active, or both. The American Psychiatric Association calls the distinct types "inattentive" and "hyperactive-impulsivity." Some kids with attention deficit disorder repeatedly fail to finish tasks, get distracted easily, a...

What is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? ADHD (commonly known as ADD) is a behavioral disorder. Basically, kids who have it are unable to concentrate, extremely restless, or both. The American Psychiatric Association calls the distinct types "inattentive" and "hyperactive-impulsivity." Some adolescents with attention deficit disorder can't organize or complete tasks, get distracted easil...

If you're talking to your kid about the important issues in life, the subject of alcohol is bound to come up. In some ways, the "alcohol talk" is a lot like the "sex talk": Ideally, you'll have the discussion long before your child really needs it. Learning about alcohol at an early age can keep him or her from making mistakes and dealing with unpleasant consequences later on. But if your teen has...

When it comes to teen drinking, parents would be wise not to look the other way. The consequences -- from drunk driving accidents to date rape and violent crime -- make it clear that teen drinking is much more than just harmless youthful experimentation. The damage done Ideally, no parent wants his or her teen to drink. First, it's illegal -- and according to the U.S. Department of Justice, 131...

How can I get my child to stop whining? A school-age child who whines can be a serious nuisance and may earn a reputation as a complainer at school. Ending the habit isn't easy. Find the patience and resolution to help your child by reminding yourself how important it is for him to behave in likable and effective ways. You have two main tasks: to firmly refuse to give in to his needling and to te...

How can I get my child to stop whining? That depends on why he's whining. If he's hungry, tired, or bored, give him what he needs: a snack, a nap, a suggestion of something to do, or maybe just a hug. Then you can deal with curbing his fussy behavior and preventing it in the future. Suppose your child is whining for something he shouldn't have. Try these tips:

We were listening to a tape of the most recent Harry Potter volume, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, on the way back from the beach, my three children and I. It was late, and everyone was sunburned and sandy, stunned into peaceful silence. The car was warm and rapt, and no one said a word as we hurtled down the highway, over the Golden Gate Bridge and across the city to our house. The ...

If you've ever seen a young child in the grip of a night terror, you'll never forget it. He'll wail in panic, scream, and thrash about like a small animal. His eyes are wide open but he doesn't recognize or even see you. A child with a night terror is caught in a zone between sleep and wakefulness, and it's impossible to wake him up or give him much comfort; he is inconsolable. Night terrors usual...

Most people think of headaches as an adult problem, but kids can get them too. Often, childhood headaches are just temporary symptoms of a cold, flu, or an an infection of the sinuses, eyes, or ears. But like adults, some children can get tension headaches, migraines, or other recurring type of head pain. If your child has mild headaches every once in awhile but seems otherwise healthy, there's no...

The drunken college freshman managed to crawl into the dormitory bathroom, but that's as far as he got. I found him lying in a toilet stall, barely coherent, with purplish vomit dripping down his chin. As the resident adviser (RA), I had to do something. But nobody ever taught me how to deal with alcohol poisoning, and I had never bothered to find out. I wiped off his face and let him lean on me a...

In March 2007, an 18-year-old college freshman at Rider University in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, went into cardiac arrest after a night of heavy drinking at a campus fraternity. Thirty hours later, he was dead. In November 2006, an 18-year-old freshman with a blood alcohol content of 0.19 fell to his death from a fifth-floor balcony at the University of Texas. Two years earlier, another Univer...

If you've ever watched a nurse take a blood sample from a newborn's heel, you already know that even the youngest children can feel pain. Babies and toddlers may not always be able to put their feelings into words, but their pain is real. According to a report from Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children, young children may be even more sensitive to pain than adults. Pain relief can be elusive at an...

How can I get my child to stop whining? Tell him gently but firmly that his whining must stop, and work with him on better ways to express himself. These techniques can help:

  • Point out your child's whiny voice as soon as he uses it. You'll have to be on the alert: Chances are you've heard it so often that you don't even notice when it starts. "I'm sorry," you can say upon hearing that ...

Is a vegetarian diet healthy for children? Experts are still debating that question. Some say a vegetarian diet is fine for kids (in fact, the American Dietetic Association endorses vegetarian diets for all ages). Others worry that limiting their choice of foods may prevent kids, who tend to be picky eaters to begin with, from getting the nutrients and calories they need in order to grow. But if...

Why do children vomit? Vomiting is the body's way of expelling material from the stomach, sometimes to get rid of something poisonous. Whatever the cause, your child's stomach muscles will contract forcefully, and food will come back up through his esophagus and out through his mouth and sometimes his nose. What causes vomiting? A stomach virus or "flu" is the most common reason for vomiting...

What is asthma? Most people associate asthma with sudden fits of coughing and wheezing, but the disease is actually present 24 hours a day. If your teenager has asthma, the tubes that carry air to her lungs are inflamed and may be swollen and clogged with mucus. This state may not impair her breathing, but it does set the stage for asthma attacks. Her inflamed airway is extra sensitive, and somet...

When should my child get a tetanus booster? It depends on her age. Experts recommend vaccinating your child when she's 2 months old, with follow-up shots at 4 months, 6 months, after her first birthday, and again around age 5. These initial shots are called DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis) vaccinations. At 11 or 12 years of age she'll need a booster shot called a Tdap, then a ...

What should I do if my child is stung by a bee or wasp? A bee's stinger works like an automatic pump -- the longer it stays in, the more venom it releases -- so get it out as quickly as you can. Look for a little black dot in the center of the bite, and scrape it off with a fingernail or pull it out with your fingers. Try not to squeeze the stinger, though, because that could release more venom....

What is anaphylactic shock? Anaphylactic shock, or anaphylaxis, is one of the scariest health emergencies a parent can face; it occurs when your child has a severe allergic reaction. When that happens, your child's immune system mistakenly responds to a harmless substance as if it were a serious threat, triggering the release of histamine and other body chemicals that cause rapid and sometimes d...

Is coughing bad for my child? Most of the time it's good for her. When your child has a cold, coughing clears infected mucus from her lungs and keeps nasal mucus from dripping down into them. If she didn't cough, a little sniffle could turn into pneumonia. Coughing is also valuable because it signals irritation in the airways. Pollen, dust, or tobacco smoke can make the muscles in the lungs' s...

What is scarlet fever? Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, was once one of the most serious scourges of childhood, sweeping through families like wildfire and causing numerous deaths. But with modern antibiotics, the disease is far less dangerous -- and less common -- than it used to be. The disease is an upper respiratory infection caused by a streptococcal bacteria and associated with a ...

What are pinworms? Pinworms are small, white, threadlike worms that infect up to 50 percent of children. If your child's infected, he'll probably scratch and complain of itching around the anus, especially at night. You may be able to see the worms, which are about a quarter of an inch long and look like pieces of dental floss, wiggling around your child's anus and in his stool. A common chi...

What should I do if my child bites someone? First, stay calm. Even if another child provoked yours and the child's parent is furious, remember that your toddler may just be "trying out" her teeth, unaware of how much pain she inflicted. Many toddlers bite once, learn that biting is wrong, and never do it again. At the same time, let your child know right away that she did something wrong. Pull...

Can earwax interfere with my child's hearing? Only if there's a heavy buildup of it. Earwax serves to protect the ear canal and the paper-thin eardrum from dirt and germs, but if it accumulates it can cause temporary hearing loss. The tip-offs include a hard, waxy plug in your child's ear and complaints of ear pain. If your child has difficulty hearing, he or she might have fluid or an infecti...

What is emotional intelligence? Your emotional IQ is your ability to handle your own feelings and be aware and respectful of those of other people. If your child has a high emotional IQ, he'll be better able to cope with his feelings, calm himself down, and understand and relate well to adults and other kids, according to psychologist John Gottman, a professor of psychology at the University o...

Why is it important to get my child to bed early? Kids need a lot of sleep to function at their best. Toddlers and preschoolers may need 11 and a half to 13 and a half hours of sleep every day, and at this age, a later bedtime doesn't usually mean a later rising time. Children who don't get enough sleep tend to be cranky, irritable, and easily frustrated. Some even become overactive in an effort ...

What is fifth disease? It's one of five common contagious childhood ailments that cause fever and a rash. After doctors figured out what to call measles, rubella, roseola, and scarlet fever, they apparently ran out of catchy names and called the fifth disease just that. Its technical name is erythema infectiosum, but the illness does have a more colorful moniker: "slapped-cheeks disease." That's...

What is dyslexia? Although the term has fallen out of favor among child psychologists and other experts, dyslexia is popularly used to mean a disability in processing language. There are three types: visual (trouble recognizing printed letters or words); auditory (trouble distinguishing certain sounds or connecting sounds to letters), and "expressive writing" (trouble drawing or writing legibly ...

What is the flu? The flu (influenza) is an all-too-familiar illness for most parents, especially during flu season (November to April). This highly contagious respiratory tract infection can send a child to bed for three to five days with a high fever, headache, congestion, chills, coughing, diarrhea, and vomiting, as well as muscle aches and fatigue. It's caused primarily by two flu viruses, in...

What is dyslexia? Although the term has fallen out of favor among child psychologists and other experts, dyslexia is popularly used to mean a disability in processing language. There are three types: visual (trouble recognizing printed letters or words), auditory (trouble distinguishing certain sounds or connecting sounds to letters), and "expressive writing" (trouble drawing or writing legibly ...

Why should my child wear a bike helmet? Every year about 350,000 children under the age of 15 are rushed to hospital emergency rooms with injuries from bicycle wrecks -- many of them head injuries that can cause brain damage and life-long disabilities. But these injuries are largely preventable if your child wears a bike helmet, which can reduce the risk by 85 percent, according to the U.S. Cons...

With all the news about contaminated food, is there anything I can do to lower my child's risk? There's good reason to wonder. Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and other potentially dangerous germs can be transmitted in food, causing illness and sometimes death. Fortunately, a few simple tips on buying, storing, and preparing food can go a long way toward lessening your family's chances of getting ...

What is dehydration? Dehydration means that the body is losing too much fluid or not taking enough in, usually because of fever, overheating, or diarrhea. It's both preventable and easily treatable, but you need to address the problem right away or it may become life-threatening. How can I tell if my child is dehydrated? These are the most common signs:

Babies are born to cry. The average infant cries about two hours each day -- enough to announce every wet diaper and hunger pain. And no matter how careful, loving, and attentive parents may be, a baby just might decide to make crying her number-one pastime. If your baby cries more than three hours a day at least three days each week, she's not just fussy -- she's colicky. Colic is the term for ...

Why does my child get so many colds? The common cold (also known as an upper respiratory infection) is caused by a virus. Trouble is, there are at least 200 different known viruses, with new ones occasionally appearing. Children develop immunity to the viruses one cold at a time. Remember all the colds you've had over your lifetime? Your child has to get every one -- and more -- to be immune to ...

The first time I met up with eating disorders was in middle school. I had transferred from an artistic, diverse, public elementary school to a liberal arts school for the "gifted." I was one of three or four people who was not white and one of four or five who did not live in a mansion. When I try to think back on those years -- from 10 to 13 -- I find I can't remember much because I was so sleep-...

What are food allergies? Some bodies -- especially young ones -- react to certain foods as they would to dangerous intruders. Their immune systems unleash a barrage of chemicals against proteins in these foods, causing the misery known as an allergic reaction. If you or your spouse has ever suffered from a food allergy, there's a good chance your child will too. About 5 percent of children under...

After raising seven children of their own, 45-year-old Carol Johnson,* and her husband, 46, were ready to make the leap from weary parents to doting grandparents. Instead, they ended up becoming parents all over again. Like most grandparents, Johnson had planned on taking her grandchildren to the park, spoiling them with presents, and leaving the hard work to the parents. But that dream fell apar...

How can I keep my kids safe on Halloween? Whoever came up with the idea of having kids roam neighborhoods at night to collect candy from strangers definitely wasn't a child-safety expert. Halloween can be dangerous -- but not necessarily for the reasons people think. Many parents worry about poison or razor blades tucked away into candy. Studies have failed to establish this as a hazard, however,...

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